Behavioral Disorders essays

Social Disorders expositions As all guardians and teachers know, every youngster is as a matter of first importance a person with their own specific example of qualities and requirements for development. While this is valid for all youngsters, it is essential to recollect when structuring intercessions for kids with social issue, for example, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD), Anxiety or Mood Disorder. There is no normal instructive program for kids with social issue, for example, the ones recorded above in light of the fact that the troubles of any individual kid with this finding will change impressively relying upon age, nearness or nonattendance of related issues, level of scholarly working, and an assortment of different components (Sweeny, 1998). Conduct issue in most kids are described by poor social connections because of limits of forcefulness, lying, rebellion, peevishness, accusing others, brutality, taking, danger, and wrath. Numerous youngsters with conduct issue experience issues observing their conduct to fit the changing requests of both school and social circumstances. Almost the entirety of the practices related with the social issue might be found in typical youngsters every once in a while. The determination is made when the recurrence and ingenuity of these manifestations bring about clinical hindrance in social, scholarly or word related working. Regularly youngsters resort to negative conduct, for example, relapsing or being exceptionally defiant so as to convey sentiments that they in any case can't communicate, or in light of the conviction that their folks are not recognizing their sentiments. Conduct troubles may likewise be an outgrowth of a language issue, frequently when a kid can't promptly comprehend communicated in language or can only with significant effort put words to sentiments. Or then again they might be a piece of a family where verbal correspondence and communicating emotions through words are not empowered (Forness, 1998). Unfortuna... <!

Social Class: Maintaining Divisions Within Society

Social Class: Maintaining Divisions Within Society As social creatures we normally structure bunches for endurance and backing, as the mainstream saying goes No man is an island, and surely, we are most certainly not. We structure social gatherings that join us with each other and give us a feeling that all is well with the world. These gatherings can be made from the most diminutive of reasons, for instance; a gathering of individuals that meet at the bus station each Tuesday at 5am, in the wake of seeing each other routinely they effectively structure union and offer common objectives and standards for example getting the transport on schedule. It is inside these gatherings that we get our social characters. These social characters can be granted inside a little close gathering like a family or in a huge scope bunch like a class in the public eye. Their shared objectives make a us and a them reaction represented by a gathering soul (Tajfel, 1971). This reaction can be a quality, for instance, an incredible title group endeavoring t o win 4x400meter hand off race, find that separating themselves from others could be certain experience that fabricates confidence, making them work more diligently than others and work better. In any case, despite the fact that these social gatherings give us sure characters, protections and so forth., they can simultaneously have a negative impact and make inclination towards different gatherings whether they understand it or not. In this paper, I will talk about how explicit social gatherings dependent on class and status, come to exist and investigate their significance in the public eye. The weaknesses or points of interest experienced by a social gathering inside a layer mirror the measure of intensity they have in the public eye. The force comes coordinated from the assets one is advantaged enough to have, for instance, going from having the option to manage the cost of training, from which, one can pick up work, from which, one can climb to a moderate situation inside an organization, from which, they have the pay to purchase a house, vehicle and pay for medicinal services; to claiming a worldwide chain of cafés, from which, one can bear the cost of an extravagance yacht that offers extravagance travels, creating enough pay to purchase a third house and another yacht or two. This is the reason sociologists accepted that social delineation was the center factor that impacts the sharing of intensity in the public eye. There have been numerous endeavors to decide an integral factor for social force. A few women's activists like Firestone (1971) accepted that all social orders were isolated into restricted sex classes that were the premise of sex imbalances. She contended that all men in the public eye persecuted ladies as a result of the natural, mental and physical weaknesses they encountered because of pregnancy, labor and kid raising. Her thoughts originated from the womens freedom developments in Europe and America during the 1960s and spoke to liberation. In the interim, different frameworks introduced a supressed, racially impacted clarification of social definition. In the nineteenth century, the possibility that race decided explicitly by acquired natural differentiations was the main factor in social layers getting noticeable in the public eye. Gumplowicz (1885) saw ethnic and racial clash as the crucial system of social turn of events. Gumplowicz accepted that it unavoidable and regular f or one ethnic gathering to outperform another, giving possibility for the most grounded to rise. Gobineau (1853-5) and Chamberlain (1899) advanced racial separation and justified the abuse of mediocre ethnicities. Thoughts like these were unfavorable to the apparently substandard ethnicity and fuelled masterminds like Adolf Hilter (1925) who tried to take out mediocre races for the Aryan race. Sexual and racial disparities are verifiably powerful, in any case, they can't be exclusively delegated as the essential drivers of social delineation. Race itself doesn't exist, it is a social build, and there is just a single human race (Gordon, 1964). Ethnicity rather than race, then again, exists, in light of social contrasts springing from history, beginning, religion language and such, be that as it may, it is a disparity that adds to social separation however doesn't exclusively decide the result. Likewise, sexual definition battles to characterize all social division since people flourish in complete seclusion. Men and womens sexual contrasts are the structure squares of society and basic for presence so they can't be the center purpose behind delineation since separation is division of society, they are prerequisites. Neither sexual nor racial disparities can characterize a solitary wellspring of definition since individuals are so muddled and various, they can't exclusively represent the complexities inside society. Different wellsprings of separation are political status, religion or class. Max Weber (1948) recommended that a more extensive viewpoint that joins sex and ethnicity ought to be thought of. He accepted that there were three interesting angles that spread across humankind and affected the conveyance of intensity in the public arena and life risks in their own particular manner. The three perspectives were class (monetary force), status (collective force) and authority (legitimate force). Weber was at first affected Karl Marx and further built up his own thoughts explicitly about class and status. Social class alludes to a cognizant gathering of individuals that share the equivalent financial foundation, whose life chances are chosen by the class they have a place with. The class framework in Britain is a prime model, society is partitioned into the privileged (generally noble families, headed by the Queen); working class (upper-white collar class for example draftsmen, lawyers, significant level specialists and so on.; center white collar class for example th e executives, educators, bookkeeping, social work and so forth.; and the lower-white collar class for example administrative, authoritative and so on.); common laborers (talented for example a white van man or independently employed temporary worker and incompetent for example client assistance or telesales); and the underclass (long haul jobless living off government assistance). Marx (1867) accepted that pretty much every general public was a class society with special case of the most crude social orders since they were littler and lacking. He saw having methods for creation, particularly property, was the choosing impact in social division. He proposed society was of entrepreneur nature, recognizing two obvious classes: the bourgeoisie and the low class. The bourgeoisie claimed the methods for creation and inferred dominant part, if not, the entirety of their salary from capital. They were known as the industrialist class. On the converse were the low class, who didn't claim any methods for creation and rather work for the bourgeoisie. They were known as the average workers. The bourgeoisie, possessing the methods for creation, kept larger part of the riches produced by the low class; the bourgeoisie got surplus incentive from their assets, then, the low class just got a little level of their financial worth. He accepted that talented work specifically had more prominent worth and merited higher wages. Marx unequivocally accepted that the working class were mistreated to the degree that the existed in a condition of bogus cognizance, where they were content with their hardship. He accepted that after some time the classes would fall because of inside clash and a transformation would follow. He accepted the answer for the class framework was successful socialism. Weber, affected by Marx, overruled the possibility of viable socialism, feeling that the working class insurgency was exceptionally impossible in light of the fact that the intensity of bogus awareness was excessively solid. He comprehended the bourgeoisie/working class relationship was not all that highly contrasting. There were hazy areas, for example, the director that doesn't possess the methods for creation and administers the working class however doesn't get surplus not to mention getting their reasonable wages. He recommended the conveyance of intensity was not established absolutely in monetary force. Both the ownership and non-ownership of financial resources scatter power in the public arena on the grounds that from the two roads salary is made sure about, for instance, working for an organization is work which must be purchased by the business, accordingly, giving pay/capital by means of the non-ownership of monetary resources. Weber saw class divisions as having monetary premise just and that exclusively class alone couldn't condition individuals into layer. He accepted that the expansion in compensation that Marx looked for after would, whenever in all actuality, would deliver circumstances and logical results understanding from critical changes in ways of life, thusly making threat in the hindered gatherings. This upset would be prodded by normal intentions rather than mix from bogus awareness. Rather than simply class, there were two additional viewpoints deciding appropriation of intensity and life risks in the public eye: status (collective force) and authority (definitive force). Status, for instance, held ground when it came to noticeable strict figures/writers that were exceptionally critical in the public arena with minimal monetary force. Definitive force could be executed by a senior cop that has a great deal of power yet not a ton of property. Different reactions were that the limits between different gatherings are practically difficult to determine. Likewise, an ethical position was not distinguished, regardless of whether the thought processes in the division where fortunate or unfortunate. Dahrendorf (1959) additionally referenced that in numerous western social orders there are genuinely huge white collar classes since training was increasingly pervasive and accessible, making the chance to advance. Weber comprehended that dissimilar to Marx, clarifying separation in just terms of monetary elements was irrational and focusing on the significance of non-financial elements. He further built up his thoughts on the non-financial factor of status. Economic wellbeing alludes to the positioning of a person in a general public as better or sub-par concurring than the qualities that they share for all intents and purpose. It is the notoriety of the individual conceded by way of life and obligations, directing their life risks, those that effectively comply with the necessary standard get amazing privilege an

Coping With Social Anxiety Stigma

Coping With Social Anxiety Stigma Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Coping With Social Anxiety Stigma By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 06, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 09, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children g-stockstudio/istock Social anxiety stigma is no different than the stigma surrounding any other mental health disorder. While the stigma may take a slightly different form than, say, that against schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder (BPD), the outcome is the sameâ€"people are made to feel shame about a problem over which they have little control. In the case of social anxiety disorder (SAD), the very thing that people fear the mostâ€"negative evaluation by othersâ€"becomes their reality. Its not enough that their own minds cause them to worry endlessly about what others think, but now they have confirmation that people do in fact have negative opinions about them. Even though we live in an age when there are effective treatments for many mental illnesses, social anxiety included, people still go months, years, decades, and even lifetimes without ever receiving treatment. Its an unfortunate situation that will only be reversed by bringing mental health into the forefront of medical care and public perception. What Is Stigma? Lets back up a bit. What exactly is stigma? In the  simplest sense, stigma refers to devaluing a person based on some characteristic of that person. We typically might think of stigma as related to being of a certain ethnic background or coming from a certain economic class.   In the case of mental illness, stigma may be present in the general public but also among healthcare professionals. In this way, if you think of a person with social anxiety disorder, they may face criticism from friends and family members for not performing well socially and may face a doctor who misses symptoms or brushes them off. Stigma can also be thought of as related to the person with the illness or the act of seeking treatment. A person with SAD may be stigmatized for having symptoms of social anxiety, but also may experience stigma for seeking help for a problem that some may feel is all in their head or that everyone deals with. Social Anxiety Stigma Weve already touched on this a bit, but social anxiety stigma tends to involve the idea that social anxiety is normal and avoidable. Its just shyness after all, right? You may face patronizing attitudes from friends or family who dont believe anxiety is a real problem and that you should be able to get over it on your own. Among children and teenagers, there may even be bullying or cruelty as part of stigma aimed at those with social anxiety. Rather than feeling sympathetic, some may choose to put down kids or teens they view as weak or socially awkward. What Are the Effects of Stigma? Unfortunately, the effects of stigma related to social anxiety disorder are numerous. Below is a list of some of the most pressing issues that stigma brings to the forefront. Problems with self-esteem. People who live with stigma about social anxiety are more likely to experience low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, and poorer quality of life, according to a 2015 study in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Non-evidenced-based treatments.  When a disorder is poorly diagnosed or undiagnosed, this can lead a person to seek alternative treatments that may not have scientific backing. Failure to seek treatment.  Most people with social anxiety disorder are afraid to admit they have a problem, and stigma only makes this worse. You may fear effects on your job and relationships as a result of admitting that you have a problem. Misdiagnosis. Stigma may lead doctors to misdiagnose SAD, particularly if they fail to take symptoms of the disorder seriously, or fail to ask about them at all (after all, what socially anxious patient is likely to bring up the problem on their own)? Both the public and health professionals may fail to recognize social anxiety as a disorder or believe that it is just normal shyness. Mismanagement. Stigma may cause a doctor not to fully investigate symptoms or lead to a poor understanding of appropriate treatments.   Creates barriers to care.  External stigma may be internalized in people with social anxiety, making them even less likely to seek treatment. If you start to feel bad about the way you are feeling, you will be less apt to admit you have a problem and try to get help for it. Creates an unsupportive environment.  Mental health issues are best treated within a supportive atmosphere. Stigma creates an environment lacking support, such that it is difficult to reach out for help. If you have a mental health issue, support is key, especially in the early stages. Imagine, as a person with SAD, calling up your doctor and being spoken to in a critical way by the receptionist?   Suicidal ideation.  In a worst-case scenario, a person may feel unable to get help due to stigma and have thoughts of suicide, particularly if SAD is combined with another mental health issue such as depression or bipolar disorder. Seek Treatment With the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups Source  of Stigma We can begin to better understand how to counteract stigma by learning what causes it. In general, the main cause of stigma is lack of understanding. This lack of understanding may result because a person has never experienced mental illness themselves or because they are not aware of the types of mental disorders that exist (or that social anxiety disorder is one of them). How to Reduce Stigma Now, we get to the most important messageâ€"how can we reduce stigma related to social anxiety disorder? Its not going to be a simple fix, unfortunately, and will require changes in attitudes through education. Below are some steps that can be taken by you, the public, and the mental health professions to work toward reducing the impact of stigma: Public service messages.  Yes, thats rightâ€"good old public service messages. Think of these as like commercials for the better good. If they get out there and are heard enough times, the message starts to get across. While in the past these have typically been on television or radio, new media and social media has provided lots of channels to get the message out. When is the last time you shared a mental health post on your Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram account? Talk about your struggles.  Yikes! Sounds scary perhaps, but imagine if everyone with SAD told one other person about something they went through. The elephant in the room might finally go poof, and the disorder that hides in the shadows might see some light. When is the last time you told a story about your social anxiety? You might be surprised who can relate or who might have a story too. Encourage people to read books.  Yes, it can really be that simple. Encourage your friends, family, colleagues, neighbors to read true stories about mental illness. These books can be eye-opening experiences, particularly for those who have never experienced such things first-hand. If you are a family member of someone with mental illness, read these books yourself. Share your experience as a celebrity.  Thank you Donny Osmond, Barbra Streisand, Zack Greinke, Jonathan Knight and others for your candid sharing of your struggles. If you are a celebrity with social anxiety, tell stories or write a book about what youve been through. People look up to you and you have the chance to help reduce stigma surrounding this disorder. Be open.  This applies to everyone, but lets direct it at the public and the mental health professionals. To the publicâ€"be open to the possibility that not everyone experiences life the way you do. Be open to learning about and understanding the struggles of the mentally ill. To mental health professionalsâ€"be open to the possibility that the person sitting in your office may have a different problem they are not sharing. Ask questions about social anxiety symptoms and take the answers seriously. Break the silence.  Worldwide, lets work toward breaking the silence about mental health  for social anxiety disorder and all mental illness. Lets follow in the footsteps of countries such as Australia and the UK that are working toward integrating mental health care and therapy as part of routine care. A Word From Verywell Are you feeling motivated to reduce stigma toward social anxiety and mental illness? Or are you a person living with undiagnosed social anxiety hoping for an opportunity to share your story and obtain help? Regardless of your situation, there are numerous baby steps that you can take to help reduce stigma or move toward self-disclosure. Consider your options, choose the smallest step you can take that will get you moving in the right direction, and then take action.

A Comprehensive School Counseling Program - 905 Words

Foundation A comprehensive school counseling program is needed to function effectively in the service of children with respect to race, gender, age, socioeconomic status, social/personal development and academics. With a paradigm shift in how counselors respond to students, the focus has turned from what Bowers calls â€Å"entitlement to performance.† In an effort to implement a comprehensive program this high school has been identified as a candidate This high school has an enrollment of approximately 2000 students; 49% white , 32% black, 10% Hispanic, 5.4% Asian or Island Pacific, 3% Multi racial and .6% Native American. Additionally, 17.3% of students are classified in a special education program, and 24.8% of the student population has free or reduced lunch. The student suspension rate was 2.2% with no expulsions during the past school year. What are some of the concerns with this school? Large numbers of individuals who do not perform well on standardized tests. They also have no experience with volunteering outside of two or three clubs. In preparation for careers they are not adequately prepared to fill out an application, write a resume and effectively perform well in an interview. Our population of underrepresented students have an issue connecting with teachers creating a disconnect with their education and desire to want more for themselves. We have to create a culture of individuals who are career ready and not scrambling at the end of senior year trying to find outShow MoreRelatedThe Comprehensive School Counseling Program1664 Words   |  7 PagesThe Comprehensive School Counseling Program Notebook which follows the ASCA National Model third edition was created in School Counseling Programs. This notebook is divided into four components as directed by the comprehensive school counseling program: foundation, delivery, management, and accountability. The Foundation section includes my core beliefs, my vision, my mission, rationale, descri ption, and goals of the program at Mountain Home Junior School. Delivery, Management, and AccountabilityRead MoreComprehensive School Counseling Program Evaluation Essay890 Words   |  4 Pages In order to provide a comprehensive school counseling program (CSCP) that meets the unique needs of Ocean Elementary School, the school counselor must understand the needs of the school. Therefore, conducting a needs assessment can help a new school counselor to evaluate the CSCP in order to plan, implement, and improve the effectiveness of the program (Astramovich Coker, 2007). Additionally, utilizing the accountability bridge counseling program evaluation model, a continuous evaluation cycleRead MoreApplying A Comprehensive School Counseling Program1790 Words   |  8 Pagespurpose of this paper is to determine my preferred style of counseling, the factors which went into making this determination, and how I will implement them into a comprehensive school counseling program. My journe y in becoming a school counselor also includes; my own personal characteristics, my position on ethical, legal, and social responsibilities, as well as, my perception of the relationships of importance working within a school and community. 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Three main goals of this study are to: (a) examine student achievement as measured by . . . . to determine if it is increased in schools that use a more fully implemented program based on the ASCA model, (b) examine if the comprehensive program is reaching all students regardless of gender, race/ethnicity, social-economic status (SES), etc. and (c) examine ifRead MoreAccountability in School Counseling Program Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesAccountability and the Use of Data in School Counseling and Educational Systems Melissa Hattaway Lamar University CNDV 5330 Accountability and the Use of Data in School Counseling and Educational Systems Over the years, literature has expressed the need for, and importance of, accountability for student outcomes in order to give school counselors valuable data to assess and improve goals (Dahir Stone, 2009). 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Diversity make up includes:Read MoreThe Victims Of Children With Disabilities1331 Words   |  6 Pagesdisabilities resided in state institutions. Many of these restrictive settings provided only minimal food, clothing, and shelter. These institutions did not have the individuals with a disability assessed, educated, or rehabilitated. In 1970, U.S. public schools educated only one in five children with disabilities. Many states had laws excluding certain students, including children who were deaf, blind, emotionally disturbed, or mentally retarded. (Archived: 25 Year History of the IDEA) Society often felt

Internship Reflection Essay example - 1355 Words

It has been a while since I started at the internship and I am really glad I decided to work here. I think the experience in this area is a good preview of my career and future. I am learning some important skills and finding out some things about myself and the tough skin I will need in order to stay in the area of juvenile support. One of my responsibilities involved checking the messages from the days before on the office phone. I found that some of the potential mentors sounded older. This got me wondering about the age limits of the mentors. I knew they had to be at least 18, but was there an age cap? Could a 30-year-old join the team and be the mentor to a 12-year-old? I though about the different ways that these relationships†¦show more content†¦They gave me the basic idea of what was going on with them and how the family could use the support. At this point when I asked what prison the parents were in, they said county. It was then my job to break them the bad news and let them know that their child did not qualify for the program. In my search for organizations that are involved with the system and the families surrounding it, my supervisor referred me to the School District of Philadelphia alternative schools. These are schools children are transferred to based on behavioral problems. Coming from the school district, I have already heard of these schools and knew some of the possible places to contact. Although I have previous knowledge, I decided to start at the school district office to get a list of all the alternative schools. This is where I hit one of the first barriers on my path of recruitment. The school district gave me the biggest run around, sending me from one office to another, then transferring me to completely different buildings and programs. No one seemed to have the answer. I wondered why the home office of all the schools did not have a list available of the possible alternative schools. I then decided to try my search on the internet. I figure, there had to be some sort of list out on the web, but even that was a failed attempt. All I could find was a list of all the schools that were not regular admissions and I could not decipher the alternative versus the remedialShow MoreRelatedReflections On My Plant Engineering Summer Internship At United Parcel Service2475 Words   |  10 PagesReflections on my Plant Engineering Summer Internship at United Parcel Service Introduction My Plant Engineering (PE) internship experience at United Parcel Service (UPS) allowed me to utilize all that I have learned at Florida Polytechnic University and apply it to real-world work experience. Thus expanding upon my previous knowledge while simultaneously allowing me to grow in new ways that cannot be taught in the classroom. Interning at UPS has helped highlight my fortes and flaws as notRead MoreInternship Reflection : Summer Internships1402 Words   |  6 PagesSummer Internship Reflection Jorry Zhang It’s no secret that internships are the most effective way for students to gain work experience before graduation. In fact, studies show that 7 out of 10 internships turn into full-time jobs. Summer internships provide extremely valuable experience in my chosen field, and they are also plentiful. Because I m too busy to commit as an intern during the school year, the summer could be a great option for me. During this summer break I interned at a network companyRead MoreInternship Reflection754 Words   |  4 PagesI had an amazing time on the ranch for my internship, and feel like I learned a lot about communication and trust. We were given so much responsibility on a daily level that you learned to communicate well with the people around you. 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Ages 0-5 was a new population that I would have been working with and I had no prior experience. Therefore, I knew that there was a lot to learn in this new population. At first, it was very difficult because I had to adjust to the rhythm of the agency in regards of their work (i.e., cli ent notes, home visits, and meetings). I am only there at the agency for 2 days so our duties as clinicians can become overwhelming if not managed on time andRead MoreInternship Reflection1969 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause I never thought to become a tax attorney. At this internship I was able to do basic accounting tasks like balancing checkbooks, booking to general ledger, going over profit and loss statements, and creating balance sheets, but I was also able to do things like help work on and prepare documents for different tax cases. This opened my eyes to a possibly a new career path that I can look into taking in the future. 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A few weeks laterRead MoreInternship Reflection Essay870 Words   |  4 Pagesthis short internship are ones that I should not have ignored. That includes ideology that social workers should be honest and trustworthy. As I reflected, I have lost my time I considered it not wasted due to the fact I have touched a few lives, while I was there. The main events that happen that seem that I am responsible for that includes an act of God the hurricane. I recalled going to an interview at Recovery First, and I thought the conversation went well and given the in ternship. I informed

The Real World of Technology Free Essays

This essay is in context to Ursula Franklin’s â€Å"Real World of Technology†. Urusla Franklin is an Author, research Physicist, Metallurgist and Educator. She was born on 16th September, 1921 in Munich, Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on The Real World of Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now She is known for this reading, The Real World of Technology, which is based on her 1989 Massey Lectures, and The Ursula Franklin Reader: Pacifism as a Map, a collection of her papers, interviews, and talks. In this reading, the Author, Franklin has named the title â€Å"The Real World of Technology† because she wants to speak out or tell the real truth about technology. She wants spread awareness to the world regarding the ill effects of technology on humanity. If left-unchecked technology will eventually destroy society as we know it. She differentiates the use of technology in the past, what it is at present and what it will be in the future. Franklin illustrates her point by focusing on the effects technology has had on society and cultures in the past. She uses examples from China before the Common Era to the Roman Empire, with a majority of examples coming form the last one hundred and fifty years. Such as the Industrial Revolution and the invention of electronic mail. Franklin contends that for society s sake, people must question everything before accepting new technologies into their world. In the book, Franklin s argument urges people to come together and participate in public reviews and discuss or question technological practices that lead to a world that is designed for technology and not for society. The Real World Of Technology attempts to show how society is affected by every new invention that comes onto the market and supposedly makes life more easy going and hassle free while making work more productive and profitable. The lectures argue that technology has built the house in which we live and that this house is continually changing and being renovated. There is very little human activity outside of the house, and all in habitants are affected by the design of the house, by the division of its space, by the location of its doors and walls. Franklin claims that rarely does society step outside of the house to live, when compared with generations past. The goal for leaving the house is not to enter the natural environment, because in Franklin s terms environment essentially means what is around us that constructed, manufactured, built environment that is the day-in-day-out setting of much of the contemporary world of technology. Nature today is seen as a construct instead of as a force or entity with its own dynamics. The book claims that society vies nature the same way as society views infrastructure as something that is there to accommodate us, to facilitate or be part of our lives, subject to our planning. Franklin writes in-depth about infrastructure and especially technological infrastructure. She claims that since the Industrial Revolution, corporations as well as governments using public funds have invested heavily into technological infrastructures and that: the growth and development of technology has required as a necessary prerequisite a support relationship from governments and public institutions that did not exist in earlier times. Franklin feels that the current environmental crisis that is facing the world–polluted air and water, acid rain and global warming to name a few, are due to the infrastructures built to support technology and its divisible benefits. Because of the newfound relationship between government and the private sector and the fact that these infrastructures can’t be built without the governments of the world, the state is just as much to blame for the current condition of the environment as any polluting cooperation. The difference between a private company and the government, Franklin insists, is that citizens surrendered some of their individual autonomy (and some of their money) to the state for the protection and advancement of the the common good – that is indivisible benefits. When governments do not attempt to stop the destruction caused by the creation of these infrastructures, the government is doing a disservice to its citizens. Just as the Industrial Revolution led to productive and holistic divisions of labor, she fears that new technologies non-communication technologies How to cite The Real World of Technology, Essay examples

Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals

Theories have been suggested towards the psychotic like traits in animals that have been subjected to psychoactive drugs. The proposed theories were accompanied by research experiments to evaluate the effects of psychoactive drug testing in animals. Psycho active drugs refers to drugs that have a significant effect on the behavioral characteristics of animals; both human and non human organisms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The alterations in behavioral traits of animals due to psychoactive drugs are primarily attributed to the changes in the brain functions or inhibition of certain brain components in animals which ultimately translates to changes in moods, behavior, and consciousness of the animals. Psychoactive drugs are known to bring subjective changes with regard to consciousness, for instance alertness that is observed in animals that have been subjected to psychoactive drugs such as caffeine and cocaine. Apart from psychoactive medications, there are many other substances that are responsible for psychotropic behaviors in animals. Such drug substances include alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, opium, caffeine, heroine and nicotine that are well known to have profound effects on animals such as cats, spiders, rats and other animals (Stahl 159). Psychoactive drugs can be classified primarily into four categories: antipsychotics which are used for treatment of states of agitation; antidepressants which are used for depression treatment; mood stabilizers; anxiolytics which are used to treat anxiety states; physiostimulants which are used to increase the physical performance of the animal’s body; Nootropics which assists in the cognitive functions of the human brain (Spiegel Hossein 135). This research paper attempts to explain the theories, hypotheses and effects of psychoactive drugs on animal drug testing. Theo ry oriented issues on psychoactive drugs Research in the field of psychopharmacology have inferred the probability of utilizing psychoactive drugs using experimental approach for theory oriented objectives: a central research strategy for the physiological psychology is through the administration of psychotic drugs to human and non human organisms (Stahl 145). Theoretical approach is different from the other classical approaches to psychopharmacology such as lesions which attempt to evaluate the effects of different doses (in terms of quantifiability and reversibility) to evaluate the effects of psychoactive drugs on animals. The only feasible method to study the effect of psychoactive substances in animals, for example rats and mice is through experimental administration of the psychoactive drugs into the animals and monitoring behavioral and performance traits (Spiegel Hossein 202).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your firs t paper with 15% OFF Learn More Questions concerning the relationship between behavioral characteristics and the animal brain may be evaluated through establishing the relationship between the dopaminergic functions, and specific aspects that are vital in determining attention and motivation. Theory oriented approach towards pharmacology emphasized on the relationship between changes in animal behavioral traits and drug actions. It was shown that test subjects with high levels agitation had responded differently to psychoactive drugs compared to those with less anxiety. This difference in response is asserted by the theory of activation; due to the different levels of arousals which is subjective to the levels of and agitation in the animals under test (Spiegel Hossein 205). Hypotheses in psychopharmacology The hypothetical approach towards psychopharmacology was due to the need to have analytical explanations of the physiological and psychological concepts that are relate d to the effects of psychoactive drugs on animals. Early speculations suggested disturbance on the in the brain in terms of biological perspectives, but analytical approaches that were required to approve or disapprove the suggestions were not obtainable; therefore, the rise of hypothetical approaches towards psychopharmacology. Some of the suggested hypotheses are outlined below (Spiegel Hossein 150). The serotonin hypothesis of Schizophrenia This hypothesis was first postulated by Woolley and Shaw; two American biochemists, during 1954. The hypothesis stated that Schizophrenia like traits that are exhibited in animals is primarily due to disturbances during the setoninenergic neurotransmission in the animal brain (Stahl Lerer 160). Schizophrenic traits in animals include rapid changes in the animal personality and moods of the animal test subject. The hypothesis has a number of supporting facts which include: the psychotropic actions of the LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), whic h has the capability to trigger alterations in perceptions, thoughts and also feelings in the animal’s brain. The LSD also has the capabilities to block the activity of serotonin which was proved later in various tests (Stahl Lerer 162). Woolley and Shaw were of the view that serotonin is present in the animal brain and functions as a neurotransmitter, it was therefore speculated the psychotropic effects in animals associated with LSD’s ability to resist the effects of the serotonin on the animal brain; therefore it was reached that disturbances in the serotoninergic neurotransmission is primarily responsible for psychotropic disorders in the animal test subjects (Stahl Lerer 162).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite of the enough scientific evidence and appeal, the serotonin hypothesis of Schizophrenia was soon refuted due to its conflict psychopathological and pharmacology research finding that revealed that the psychotic symptoms in animal test subjects that associated with LSD differ from the typical symptoms that are associated schizophrenia. Although this hypothesis was refuted fast, it was important in two aspects: it facilitated the proposition of serotonin assay methods and provided proof that serotonin is not present in the brain, it also served as a prototype for the other forthcoming hypotheses (Stahl Lerer 163). The dopamine Hypotheses of Schizophrenia The drawback of the serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia was that it lacked direct correlation with the properties associated with psychoactive drugs. The context of dopamine hypothesis is different because all known psychoactive substances have an inhibitory effect in the dopaminergic neurons in the animal brain, although they differ with respect to pharmacological side effects on humans. The hypothesis assumes that the antipsychotic nat ure of chlorpromazine and other similar neuropletics is significantly determined by their cataleptic potential; their capability to induce catalepsy in animals. This hypothesis lost its credibility during the discovery that thiorodazine, which is a similar neuropletic to chlorpromazine had little effects (Stahl Lerer 155). Despite the critic that followed the hypothesis, there were a number of adjustments to the dopamine hypothesis on schizophrenia. The argument of the hypothesis that neuropletics act through blocking of the post synaptic dopamine receptors is still consistent with majority of pharmacological research observations (Stahl Lerer 155). The catecholamine hypothesis of Depression The hypothesis was first suggested during 1965 by J. Schildkraut. The hypothesis states that majority of depression like behavior in animals are due to part or total deficiency of catecholamine, which functions at the receptor sites in the animal brain. The hypothesis was consistent with the c linical and pharmacological research findings (Schatzberg Nemerof 199). The catecholamine hypothesis can be attributed for the bringing together of several pharmacological research findings but contradicted many clinical observations, especially the delay on the onset of action of the anti depressant drugs on animal test subjects. The same applies to the serotonin hypothesis (Stahl Lerer 124).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The serotonin hypothesis of depression The serotonin hypothesis of depression states that majority of depression traits in animals are due to absolute deficiency of serotonin in some of the parts of the brain. A number of arguments have been suggested to support the hypothesis (Schatzberg Nemerof 200). There is also a number of pharmacological finding that support the serotonin and catecholamine hypothesis of depression. Depressions like traits in animals are not a single disorder; there are depressions that related to the serotonin deficiency and on a similar account catecholamine deficiency (Schatzberg Nemerof 205). Effects of psychoactive drugs The effects of psychoactive drugs on animals can be viewed from the following perspectives: drug oriented, which is primarily defined by the compound composition of the psychoactive drug; methodology oriented, which is defined by the sensitivity of the animal under the drug test to the psychoactive drugs; theory oriented, which described by analysis of the brain behavior of the animal under test due to the psychoactive drug use; practical oriented which describes the effects of psychoactive drugs on everyday activities (Schatzberg Nemerof 205). There are a number of effects associated with psychoactive drug uses which are outlined below according the results of psychoactive drug testing on animals. Psychoactive drugs usually have strong effects on animals. Some of the psychoactive drugs that significantly affect animals in different ways include: caffeine, LSD, marijuana and many more. Majority of Pharmacological research concerning the effects of psychoactive drugs reported that at small concentrations, psychoactive drugs have an effect on the feeding behaviors of insects and molluscs. At high concentration, it is reported that psychoactive drugs could cause death on the test subjects (Schatzberg Nemerof 206). Psychotic drugs usually have notable effects on the animal test subjects; these effects can be describe d principally as being subjective effects. In addition, there are effects that may be noticed by the observer, such as performance deterioration. Such effects are generally termed behavioral effects. A study on spiders revealed that spiders constructed more disordered webs after being subjected to psychoactive drugs than when they have not been subjected to psychoactive drugs (Schatzberg Nemerof 208). A research by a German pharmacologist, P. N Witt on the effects of psychotic drugs on spiders revealed that the shape and size of the webs constructed by the spiders varied significantly when the spiders were subjected to the psychotic drugs. At smaller amounts of caffeine, the webs were a little regular with uniform radii. At higher doses of about 100 microgram per spider, the webs were much more disoriented and irregular (Schatzberg Nemerof 205). This implies that psychoactive drugs are responsible performance deterioration in animals such as spiders. It is widely believed that oth er plants developed psychoactive substances in their leaves in order to serve as a protection mechanism against the harmful animals such as spiders. Another category of psychoactive drug use effect is the neurophysiological effects which primarily affect the functionality of the animal brain. This is primarily responsible for observations of hyperactivity and tremor in animal test subjects. Various parameters are used to measure the extent of the effects of the psychotic drugs on animal test subjects (Schatzberg Nemerof 197). During 1984, a pharmacologist named Nathanson carried our research on the effects of psycho stimulants on arthropods and molluscs. Cats that were subjected to higher doses of caffeine revealed higher levels of hyperactivity; as evidenced through licking of their cheeks, rolling over the ground and to some extent sexual arousal (Stahl 156). Another effect that is associated with the testing of psychoactive drugs on animals is the alterations in the behavioral t raits of the animal test subject. Psychotic drugs have reported increased effects on the alterations of animals’ behavior. This is due to the effects of the drugs on the way the brain functions. Any change in the dopamine levels in the animal test subject’s brain is sufficient enough to induce behavioral change in the test subjects (Stahl 198). Behavioral pharmacology research studies have indicated that rats and mice that have been subjected to small doses of cocaine have higher response rates than ordinary rats and mice. Conclusion Psychoactive drugs use is bound to cause harmful effects on the animal test subjects. These psychological effects are primarily attributed due to alterations in the brain functionality as the above theories and hypotheses suggests; this explicitly explains the hyperactivity and tremor behavior in animals that have been subjected to psychoactive drugs. Some of the common physiological effects that are associated with the use of psychoactive drugs include mood alterations, consciousness and drowsiness, which are primarily due to impairing the functionality of the brain. All the hypotheses are drawn from one perspective; a given substance is antagonistic towards the brain activity and that is the underlying principle that explains the nature of psychoactive drugs (Spiegel Hossein 205). Works Cited Schatzberg, Alan F. and Nemeroff B. Charles. Essentials of clinical psychopharmacology. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Pub, 2006. Print. Spiegel, Renà © and Hossein Fatemi. Psychopharmacology: an introduction. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Print. Stahl, Stephen. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. Stahl, Stephen and Lerer ,Bernard. Evidence-based psychopharmacology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. This essay on Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals was written and submitted by user Al1ya to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Catcher in the Rye Essays

Catcher in the Rye Essays Catcher in the Rye Essay Catcher in the Rye Essay Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye Comparative Essay We as the generation X experience a lot of pressure and influence by the world around us, and these factors will affect our views on society. Some factors that will play a major role in our development will be influences by our parents, and the social changes we experience throughout the years. We are also influenced by social norms. J. D Salinger, the author of â€Å"The Catcher and the Rye† has done an excellent job giving a great view of the world from the perspective of an ordinary teenager named Holden Caulfield. Holden’s life had taken a deep journey into the world of adulthood, and his experiences are changing his views on adults. Holden is a lonely and a mysterious person who often thinks differently from others. You may see obvious signs that Holden is a troubled and unreliable narrator, who fails out of four schools and is very careless about his future. This may not be the case if every teenager’s life, but those who are forced into education have a likely chance of turning into a Holden. The ISU novel â€Å"Juvie Three† by Gordon Korman, was identical to catcher since it too talked about the life of a teenagers but from a criminal’s point of view. The three protagonists Gecko, Arjay and Terence are convicts who are given a second chance to better their lives and to start fresh. The book talks about the struggles and decisions the three made in order to stay out of trouble. Although both books may be similar, the protagonists both have totally different goals and ideas of future. Also the stories are more imaginative and less realistic when looking at certain parts in the book. But for a fact the novels portray a major theme that is a key aspect to a teenager, which is alienation as for self protection. Holden has alienated himself to keep from the dangers others may bring upon him, whereas the protagonist in â€Å"Juvie Three† have alienated themselves to keep away from trouble. Both the novels and my life can relate and differentiate from the life of a teenager and the influence the society has on us all. We are the kids of the baby boomers, thus making our parents have total control over some of our lives. Some teens were forced into education, like Holden by his parents, which is apparently the key to having a â€Å"successful† future. In Holden’s case he is far from having a successful future due to his bad intentions towards education, which his parents are aware of. â€Å"Juvie Three† also shows great examples of when the three criminals are under the supervision of adults and have little or no freedom at anytime. Adults have always had power over us; take for example the government, which consists of adults who decide on how the economy should be structured. We are required to live under their rules, since we are too â€Å"young† and â€Å"irresponsible† to have our own voice. The voting age in Canada is 18, meaning the government and its leaders of the past and present are saying that we who are considered â€Å"minors† should not have a say in our country of birth. This brings down our self esteem and it can have a major psychological effect as we grow older. When Holden got involved with the pimp at the hotel, the pimp dominated him, regardless the fact he is just a teenager going through change. â€Å"Life is a game, boy. Life is a game that one plays according to the rules. † This quote was said by one of Holden’s professors, and after Holden took in the meaning of this advice, he reacted by telling himself, â€Å"Game, my ass. Some game. If you get on the side where all the hot-shots are, then it’s a game, all right- I’ll admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there aren’t any hot-shots, then what’s a game about it? Nothing. No game. What the intention here is that adults are always looking and giving acknowledgment from their point of view, rather than looking from a teenagers point. Adults giving advice from their perspectives, with lack of familiarity with teenagers’ life can only lead one through the wrong path. â€Å"Juvie three,† as I stated, portrays a great example of domination by adults, as the three protagonists have lost the little freedom they had in jail when they were released into the custody of Douglas Healy. Healy has received a New Directions to create a living situation for boys in the juvenile detention system. He will be living with and supervising the trio in an apartment and they will be carefully overseen during every moment as they attend a public high school, participate in community service and take part in group counseling. They will also have no contact with any family or friends for the first 10 months. The three were randomly chosen and forced by â€Å"adults† to participate in this program, even though it may seem like its helping, the boys themselves affirmed that they’d rather stay in jail. Yet regardless they were put into the program. We are all meant to be free birds, to fly free in our own little routes, but the contemplation of a teenager from an adult’s point of view will trap us in a cage forever. Another factor that was portrayed in both the novels and my personal life is the fear of a teens going into the world of adultery. In my novel called â€Å"Juvie Three†, the three main protagonists have accidently put their guardian in a coma and are currently taking in the responsibility as an adult to hide their crime. They seem to face many hardships in dealing with the situations. I myself am fearful of my future every time I think of attending college. The fear of not being prepared and the nervousness about my expectations make my heart skip beats. As well my decisions made will be the first milestone towards my future in pursing my â€Å"dream† career. In my previous paragraph I talked about adults over ruling the teenagers, I fear of truing into that person. Out of the two books â€Å"The Cather in the Rye† portrayed more fear of change than â€Å"Juvie Three† because at one point Holden states that â€Å"The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobody’d move. . . . Nobody’d be different. The only thing that would be different would be you. † This symbolizes that Holden fears and does not know how to deal with conflict, confusion, and change. The museum presents him with an idea of life he can understand, since it is frozen, silent, and always the same. Every individual is afraid of change, not considering the fact that it may be positive or negative. One factor that differentiates both the novels is peer support and the individual’s ability to make and keep friends. As I read catcher, I learned that Holden is a very lonely individual who can’t maintain a stable relationship with any of his peers. He feels as if he is alienated since he has nothing in common with those whom he knows. Holden had approached many in hope to earn their trust, but most these conversation end up in a character leaving or them bringing Holden’s self esteem down by contradicting with his ideas and thoughts. It is a fact that Holden is diagnosed with some kind of mental issue since he fails to pursue ideas that are less realistic. I congratulate him for having great fantasizes, but he has to be able to think like a real person in order to gain love from those he cares about. Whereas the character from my novel, were able to make friends in their new school in no time. The main protagonist Gecko was able to make friends and even ends up in a deep relationship with a girl he just met. The difference between Gecko and Holden is that Gecko has a fixed mind when approaching someone, while Holden has 100s of things running through his head making him confused on what he should say and how he should response. Also Holden barely gets any support from his peers except for his sister who seems to be the only relation who cares for him, whereas Gecko and the two other protagonists seem to have a strong bond between them. Alienation and the lack of peer support play a great role in the novel, since the entire plot is based on one’s aptitude to make and keep friends. Holden Caulfield is a free bird released into the night skies of New York City, where he can do whatever he desires to do for the few days he decides to stay there. Even though Holden may be a confused and lonely individual, he has a strong sense of his neighborhood he grew up in. He knows the bars, clubs, hotels, theaters and stores, making him very aware of his surroundings. He even knows a lot of other characters, but is unfortunately afraid to approach many of them. On the other hand, Gecko, Arjay and Terence are all new to New York City, and have no idea where places are, not even their school. When their guardian goes into a coma, they struggle to find their destinations around the city. I personally like moving from place to place maybe because I’m used to it, since I moved to 6 different places in 9 years time. It is hard to adapt to change, but once you get used to the environment, life goes on. Out of all ages, we teens from the ages of 14-17 experience the most difficult factors relating to over control by adults and pressure from society or peers. Even though all or lives may not be the same, we can all relate in one way or another. Both the authors have done a magnificent job in representing the lives of teens growing up. Even if you are a mentally challenged or a convicted criminal, you will still face issues that will turn your life upside down. It is up to you, as a responsible and intelligent teenager to make smart decisions to overcome these encounters. Know your place, know your parents and know your peers, this way you can be your own self and fight the stereotypes placed on young teenagers like us. The Catcher in the Rye† Summary The Catcher in the Rye begins with Holden Caulfield at Pencey Prep School in Pennsylvania, where hes just been kicked out for failing all his classes. In the dorm, Holden introduces Ackley, who is a pimply and annoying kid and also his other roommate Stradlater who is very good looking according to Holden. Holden writes about his younger brother Allie, who died three years prior because he was diagnosed with leukemia. Stradlater comes back and gets into a fight with Holden, so Holden decides to leave Pencey, right then and there. He gets off at station in New York, and he wants to call someone but cant decide who, and ends up taking a cab to the a Hotel. Once hes gotten a room at the hotel, Holden tries calling a girl who he knows, but fails to make a date with her. In the hotel lounge, he dances with three girls, only one of whom is attractive. When the girls take off, Holden thinks of Jane whom he had a crush on a few summers ago. Back in his hotel, he ends up with a prostitute named Sunny in his room. Hes more into talking than sex, and Sunny, whos quite young herself, gets confused and leaves his room with a little of Holdens money but no sex. She comes back later with her pimp, and Holden ends up paying the prostitute double. The next day Holden leaves his hotel, makes a date with an old friend named Sally Hayes. Holden heads to the park to kill some time before his date with Sally. So he chats with a girl in the park. He had thoughts about the museum he used to visit as a child, he remarks on how the displays behind the glass cases always stay the same, but the people that visit are different every time. He meets Sally and goes skating with her. He shares with Sally his fantasy of running away, living in a log cabin for the rest of his life. When Sally does not feel like running away to a cabin, Holden flips out and Sally ends up leaving. Alone yet again for the evening, Holden calls up an old friend from school, Carl, and arranges to meet him for drinks. At the bar, Carl and Holden go of in the wrong path making Carl leave early. Holden leaves home and visits an old teacher, Mr. Antolini. He gets another long lecture on the importance of education, and later Holden finds out that the teacher is a pervert which made him spend the rest of the night at a train station. Holden decides to run away, informs his sister Phoebe, and finally meets up with her. She has decided that she wants to run away with him. Holden explains this isnt possible. Phoebe gets angry and ignores Holden. But they get together later and end up at the carousel, where Holden promises Phoebe that he wont run away after all. As he watches her go around on the carousel, he states that hes happy, which is the first time weve heard him say that in the novel. One year later Holden is in therapy for getting sick in some way. THE END Catcher in the Rye Essays Catcher in the Rye Essay Catcher in the Rye Essay Essay Topic: The Catcher in the Rye You ought to go to a boys school sometimes. Try it sometime, I said. Its full of phonies, and all you do is study so that you can learn enough to be smart enough to be able to buy a goddam Cadillac some day, and you have to keep making believe you give a damn if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day, and everybody sticks together in these dirty little goddam cliques. The guys that are on the basketball team stick together, the goddam intellectuals stick together, the guys that play bridge stick together. Even the guys that belong to the goddam Book-of-the-Month Club stick together. (Salinger, 170) The selected passage above portrays Holden’s adolescent view of society which he sees as corrupt and in which he cannot seem to function. The passage shows how he alienates himself from society as a whole. Throughout the novel, Holden attacks various aspects of humanity and is hypercritical of everyone and everything around him. Holden ’s writing style in the passage reflects this conflict within him. Salinger uses diction in this work to show Holden’s maturity level as well as his hostility towards those around him. In addition, Holden’s first person narrative voice reveals his fears and insecurities.The author also uses the frenetic pace of Holden’s narrative to portray the characters increasing anxieties as the novel progresses. Holden’s tone fluctuates throughout the novel and he constantly repeats the same words and ideas as a way of making the reader sense the conflicts within him. This passage depicts Holden Caulfield’s alienation from society on his journey from childhood to adulthood, and eventually the toll it takes on his mental state. Holden frequently uses the word â€Å"phonies† throughout the novel to refer to what he sees as the hypocrisy of the world around him.To Holden, schools such as Pency and the other prep schools he attended represent all tha t Holden believes is superficial or phony. As a result of getting kicked out of school, Holden puts the idea in his head that now he can accomplish something and separate himself from the phonies. Sadly, Holden doesn’t just categorize the boys at school phonies but he seems to consider almost every type of person he comes across a phony. The use of the word â€Å"Phonies† shows his attitude towards adults and adulthood and also his maturity level. Holden’s colloquial style of speaking r his narrative voice help to reveal his fears and anxieties about adulthood. For instance, Holden begins to talk about future professions. Although he is interested in the practice of law he is thrown off by whether the true purpose is to actually help out an innocent person or to achieve success. The same idea is depicted through his attitude about his brother D. B. Holden classifies D. B as a â€Å"phony† because he has a remarkable talent in writing, but threw it away wh en he moved to Hollywood for a career in movie writing. To Holden, Children are the only people who are not phonies.He thinks so highly of Phoebe because she is so innocent. Holden feels at peace when he hears the boy singing the Catcher In The Rye song when he walks down the street. Another theme of the novel highlighted in this passage is Holden’s concern with the pressures of a teenager growing up. Through the use of repetition the reader understands Holden’s conflicting emotions and apprehension when it comes to women, alcohol, and sex. The tone of this conversation with Sally in the passage is extremely aggressive. Throughout the novel the tone fluctuates between calm and straightforward to frantic and erratic.In this particular passage Holden is so antagonistic and passionate in his speech that he confuses and frightens Sally. She asks him not to shout and says she doesn’t have any idea what he’s talking about. From Holden’s aggressive tone w e as readers can feel the fragility of his mental state. Earlier in the novel we see Holden’s uneasiness about girls and sex when Stradlater takes Jane out on a date. Holden says, â€Å" I kept thinking about Jane, and about Stradlater having a date with her and all. It made me so nervous I nearly went crazy. I already told you what a sexy bastard Stradlater was. (Salinger 44-45) Another one of Holden’s obsessions is alcohol. He constantly goes to different bars where he is able to order drinks because of his height and grey hair. Again we see his maturity level when Holden becomes out of hand when he drinks. For example, the night he became extremely drunk and he spoke to Sally like a madman over the phone. The fact the Holden constantly smokes also indicates Holden’s desperate need for help and guidance. Sadly, His inability to cope with his journey into adulthood ultimately results in his breakdown. This passage highlights Holden’s feeling of total di sconnection to all of the people around him.We are able to understand through Holden’s narrative perspective that he is not able to place himself anywhere among his peers when he lists all of the cliques and groups to which he does not belong. In many ways this outlook is typical of any adolescent boy but Holden clearly is struggling beyond what most would consider normal. The fact that the reader knows at the beginning of the novel that Holden is still struggling with all of these problems makes us both sympathetic and frustrated with the lack of support he receives from anyone throughout his journey.It is understandable that Holden is stressed considering he is going through hormonal changes, obviously he is still grieving over the death of his brother, he witnesses a suicide, and he seems to not adult figure to turn to. This section of the novel ultimately foreshadows Holden’s breakdown. Just before this passage he says to Sally, â€Å"did you ever get fed up? â₠¬  I said. â€Å" I mean did you ever get scarred that everything was going lousy unless you did something? I mean do you like school, and all that stuff? † (Salinger 169. ) This quote clearly connects to Holden’s ultimate breakdown.Throughout the novel, Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As he says to Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on â€Å"the other side† of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesn’t belong. This passage highlights that aspect of the novel. Through his use of the characters tone, voice, perspective, repletion, and pace the author shows Holden to be an emotionally unstable boy. This passage shows the extreme nature of Holden’s alienation. As Phoebe accurately states towards the end of the novel, â€Å"you don’t like anything that’s happening. † (Salinger 220)

Persuasive Essays on Abortion

Persuasive Essays on Abortion Persuasive Essays on Abortion Persuasive essays on abortion should point out that whether or not abortion should be allowed has long been a controversial topic for heated debate and discussion: Persuasive essays on abortion should start by taking a stand that is either for or against abortion by offering a thesis statement in the first paragraph that reads something like, It is the contention of this essay that abortion should be easily available for women who have an unwanted pregnancy due to the following reasons If you need an essayof the highest quality place an order on our website and get 15% off on your first order. Points for abortion Even though it has been argued that aborting a child once it is conceived boils down to the taking of a helpless life-others feel that a child in the womb has not yet developed in to a human being-(some argue that the soul only enters an infant shortly before birth)-and so it is not wrong to do away with an unwanted pregnancy at an earlier stage. Those that vehemently decry abortion do so on religious grounds by stating that it is a sin to take a helpless life. Two of the main religions that oppose abortion are: The Catholics Muslims The entire argument has divided the public into those that vehemently oppose abortion and these have become known as pro-life activists; while those that are for the free choice of women are known as pro-choice activists. Both have strong views for and against abortion. Persuasive essays on abortion should point out that while many oppose abortion on religious and ethical grounds- women who are actually carrying the child feel that they need to get ownership of their own bodies-(instead of having people telling them what to do) Pro-choice activists also firmly believe that life only begins at birth and so there is nothing wrong with terminating an unwanted pregnancy. Persuasive essays on abortion should draw attention to the fact that pro-choice activists arguing for abortion may be doing so for a number of very good reasons like:- Reluctant mothers may be trying to terminate an unhappy marriage They lack the means to support a child They are too young and a teenage pregnancy can result in the life of both the mother as well as the child-getting ruined. Pro-choice activists argue that a mother that does not want her child and is forced to have the baby is also most likely to ill-treat the child or deny the nurturing love and care that he/she would require growing into a mature and well balanced human being. Visit our safe paper writing service to get A+ essay right now! Read also: The Stolen Party Term Paper Sample Papers Report Writing Help Process Analysis Case Study Police Performance Term Paper

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Information Systems - Essay Example The underlining of the weaknesses would fetch better design principals with reference to usability, efficient design, relational database and analytic techniques as well. The first section outlines the structure of the model and the various design principals which would be vividly discussed with screen dumps. The usability of the system is question is explored to its fullest extent. The second section would label the various strengths of the system in the light of analysis which is to be performed for the system. It would highlight the various instances of the system design principals and its ability to create a suitable design model. The structure of the model takes the shape of Microsoft Excel 2007 file which lays down various sheets over which the system is laid down. The first sheet is the index page which enlists all the sections that are present in the system and a click event is introduced to fetch links for that section. The various other sheets display the links from the main page and also accompanies a back button to the index page. It outlines the various features of the website and also features the data analysis page which analyzes the decisions to be made. The prime impact is the use of various controls which are used extensively like buttons to trace back, scroll buttons to navigate the larger sections of the textbox. The scroll buttons requires various kinds of mechanisms as changing them also affects the decision model. The various types of mechanisms for generating the exact match between system and reality has come to its fullest swing in this design. The layout of the input and output form is in accordance to standards. Their structure, layout and navigation is user orientated, its simplicity demonstrably fits context of use (Neilson, 2005). Navigation is efficient and interactive, which improves "flow" according to Myers (2007). The form asks for a lot of information the customer is aware of and would be able to fill up without

Black preschoolers more likely to face suspension Assignment

Black preschoolers more likely to face suspension - Assignment Example or preschoolers get suspended for minor mistakes that could be of no harm to the other schoolmates as compared to white students who even dare bring guns to the school (AOL.com, 2014). The disparity in suspending students or preschoolers based on race lines is aggravated by educators feeling whites are worthwhile than blacks. As a result, the white students commit some mistakes that could be of so much harm to the entire school community but in most cases taken literally. Moreover the whites have a feeling that they are the ones who should dominate the other races and especially the blacks due to their skin complexion. Due to this notion, educators take whichever action they can in their quest to make mistakes committed by blacks more of criminal as compared to the white students (Losen, 2011). If you are given the information that children who are physically disciplined are more likely to externalize their problems (act aggressively), how would that affect the way you interpret the information in the article? If it does not change your opinion, explain why. The children’s or preschoolers pugnaciously action would have a positive impact on my views (AOL.com, 2014). This is because each individual has his or her own rights irrespective one’s color’s complexion they are equal hence they need equal treatment. For instance, students and the preschoolers have their rights as the other human beings irrespective of their complexion to acquire knowledge in a non-discriminatory environment. Church affiliated schools are believed to be discriminative on selecting program participants or new applicants on basis of religion, national origin, gender, race or color. This makes some people oppose to allow school vouchers being awarded to religious affiliated schools for they cannot be fair in their

A Place Of Your Own :: essays papers

A Place Of Your Own Reading chapter 36 of The Malling of America, of William Kowinski, I see a man who does not like how America is progressing in time. He believes that we are heading towards a time when everyone will be preprogrammed to be hard-core consumers and the world is going to be dominated by money. In chapter 36 of his book, he explicitly blames the mall as being the cause and proponent of this change. I agree with Mr. Kowinski’s ideas of the changing world, but I do not agree that the shopping malls are to blame for the changes. The malls purpose is to produce a profit for the investors. If shopping centers were not profitable then it would not be there. Unlike Kowinski’s views of the mall, I see a place where people, especially young adults, congregate in a safe environment. The mall offers working opportunity to young adults. Opportunities where someone with no experience and qualifications can work. I believe it can be quite hard for a young adult to obtain a job where there are many responsibilities and the requirements are experience and knowledge. I disagree with Kowinski’s that the benefits of a job in the mall are overrated. With a job at the mall, young adults learn to set goals. Even thought these goals might be little goals, but the little goals also have many lessons that shape members of our society. Kowinski writes about a young girl who works at an establishment in the food court of some mall. Kowinski underestimates the influence of the perfect curl on top of the ice-cream cones. The girl learns to take pride in what she does. Not the pride in a perfect curl but pride in the fact that she has accomplished a goal that has thought here perfection, alertness. And some of these lessons might help her in the future. The mall also provid es job for young adults who need the paycheck for living and/or education. A study by the International Council of Shopping Centers found that there are many teenagers in shopping malls and the mall is a place where teenagers like to go. The International Council encouraged the teenage presence because ‘the vast majority support the same set of values as does shopping center management.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-four

Catelyn My lady, you should have sent word of your coming,† Ser Donnel Waynwood told her as their horses climbed the pass. â€Å"We would have sent an escort. The high road is not as safe as it once was, for a party as small as yours.† â€Å"We learned that to our sorrow, Ser Donnel,† Catelyn said. Sometimes she felt as though her heart had turned to stone; six brave men had died to bring her this far, and she could not even find it in her to weep for them. Even their names were fading. â€Å"The clansmen harried us day and night. We lost three men in the first attack, and two more in the second, and Lannister's serving man died of a fever when his wounds festered. When we heard your men approaching, I thought us doomed for certain.† They had drawn up for a last desperate fight, blades in hand and backs to the rock. The dwarf had been whetting the edge of his axe and making some mordant jest when Bronn spotted the banner the riders carried before them, the moon-and-falcon of House Arryn, sky-blue and white. Catelyn had never seen a more welcome sight. â€Å"The clans have grown bolder since Lord Jon died,† Ser Donnel said. He was a stocky youth of twenty years, earnest and homely, with a wide nose and a shock of thick brown hair. â€Å"If it were up to me, I would take a hundred men into the mountains, root them out of their fastnesses, and teach them some sharp lessons, but your sister has forbidden it. She would not even permit her knights to fight in the Hand's tourney. She wants all our swords kept close to home, to defend the Vale . . . against what, no one is certain. Shadows, some say.† He looked at her anxiously, as if he had suddenly remembered who she was. â€Å"I hope I have not spoken out of turn, my lady. I meant no offense.† â€Å"Frank talk does not offend me, Ser Donnel.† Catelyn knew what her sister feared. Not shadows, Lannisters, she thought to herself, glancing back to where the dwarf rode beside Bronn. The two of them had grown thick as thieves since Chiggen had died. The little man was more cunning than she liked. When they had entered the mountains, he had been her captive, bound and helpless. What was he now? Her captive still, yet he rode along with a dirk through his belt and an axe strapped to his saddle, wearing the shadowskin cloak he'd won dicing with the singer and the chainmail hauberk he'd taken off Chiggen's corpse. Two score men flanked the dwarf and the rest of her ragged band, knights and men-at-arms in service to her sister Lysa and Jon Arryn's young son, and yet Tyrion betrayed no hint of fear. Could I be wrong? Catelyn wondered, not for the first time. Could he be innocent after all, of Bran and Jon Arryn and all the rest? And if he was, what did that make her? Six men ha d died to bring him here. Resolute, she pushed her doubts away. â€Å"When we reach your keep, I would take it kindly if you could send for Maester Colemon at once. Ser Rodrik is feverish from his wounds.† More than once she had feared the gallant old knight would not survive the journey. Toward the end he could scarcely sit his horse, and Bronn had urged her to leave him to his fate, but Catelyn would not hear of it. They had tied him in the saddle instead, and she had commanded Marillion the singer to watch over him. Ser Donnel hesitated before he answered. â€Å"The Lady Lysa has commanded the maester to remain at the Eyrie at all times, to care for Lord Robert,† he said. â€Å"We have a septon at the gate who tends to our wounded. He can see to your man's hurts.† Catelyn had more faith in a maester's learning than a septon's prayers. She was about to say as much when she saw the battlements ahead, long parapets built into the very stone of the mountains on either side of them. Where the pass shrank to a narrow defile scarce wide enough for four men to ride abreast, twin watchtowers clung to the rocky slopes, joined by a covered bridge of weathered grey stone that arched above the road. Silent faces watched from arrow slits in tower, battlements, and bridge. When they had climbed almost to the top, a knight rode out to meet them. His horse and his armor were grey, but his cloak was the rippling blue-and-red of Riverrun, and a shiny black fish, wrought in gold and obsidian, pinned its folds against his shoulder. â€Å"Who would pass the Bloody Gate?† he called. â€Å"Ser Donnel Waynwood, with the Lady Catelyn Stark and her companions,† the young knight answered. The Knight of the Gate lifted his visor. â€Å"I thought the lady looked familiar. You are far from home, little Cat.† â€Å"And you, Uncle,† she said, smiling despite all she had been through. Hearing that hoarse, smoky voice again took her back twenty years, to the days of her childhood. â€Å"My home is at my back,† he said gruffly. â€Å"Your home is in my heart,† Catelyn told him. â€Å"Take off your helm. I would look on your face again.† â€Å"The years have not improved it, I fear,† Brynden Tully said, but when he lifted off the helm, Catelyn saw that he lied. His features were lined and weathered, and time had stolen the auburn from his hair and left him only grey, but the smile was the same, and the bushy eyebrows fat as caterpillars, and the laughter in his deep blue eyes. â€Å"Did Lysa know you were coming?† â€Å"There was no time to send word ahead,† Catelyn told him. The others were coming up behind her. â€Å"I fear we ride before the storm, Uncle.† â€Å"May we enter the Vale?† Ser Donnel asked. The Waynwoods were ever ones for ceremony. â€Å"In the name of Robert Arryn, Lord of the Eyrie, Defender of the Vale, True Warden of the East, I bid you enter freely, and charge you to keep his peace,† Ser Brynden replied. â€Å"Come.† And so she rode behind him, beneath the shadow of the Bloody Gate where a dozen armies had dashed themselves to pieces in the Age of Heroes. On the far side of the stoneworks, the mountains opened up suddenly upon a vista of green fields, blue sky, and snowcapped mountains that took her breath away. The Vale of Arryn bathed in the morning light. It stretched before them to the misty cast, a tranquil land of rich black soil, wide slow-moving rivers, and hundreds of small lakes that shone like mirrors in the sun, protected on all sides by its sheltering peaks. Wheat and corn and barley grew high in its fields, and even in Highgarden the pumpkins were no larger nor the fruit any sweeter than here. They stood at the western end of the valley, where the high road crested the last pass and began its winding descent to the bottomlands two miles below. The Vale was narrow here, no more than a half day's ride across, and the northern mountains seemed so close that Catelyn could almost reach out and touch them. Looming over them all was the jagged peak called the Giant's Lance, a mountain that even mountains looked up to, its head lost in icy mists three and a half miles above the valley floor. Over its massive western shoulder flowed the ghost torrent of Alyssa's Tears. Even from this distance, Catelyn could make out the shining silv er thread, bright against the dark stone. When her uncle saw that she had stopped, he moved his horse closer and pointed. â€Å"It's there, beside Alyssa's Tears. All you can see from here is a flash of white every now and then, if you look hard and the sun hits the walls just right.† Seven towers, Ned had told her, like white daggers thrust into the belly of the sky, so high you can stand on the parapets and look down on the clouds. â€Å"How long a ride?† she asked. â€Å"We can be at the mountain by evenfall,† Uncle Brynden said, â€Å"but the climb will take another day.† Ser Rodrik Cassel spoke up from behind. â€Å"My lady,† he said, â€Å"I fear I can go no farther today.† His face sagged beneath his ragged, newgrown whiskers, and he looked so weary Catelyn feared he might fall off his horse. â€Å"Nor should you,† she said. â€Å"You have done all I could have asked of you, and a hundred times more. My uncle will see me the rest of the way to the Eyrie. Lannister must come with me, but there is no reason that you and the others should not rest here and recover your strength.† â€Å"We should be honored to have them to guest,† Ser Donnel said with the grave courtesy of the young. Beside Ser Rodrik, only Bronn, Ser Willis Wode, and Marillion the singer remained of the party that had ridden with her from the inn by the crossroads. â€Å"My lady,† Marillion said, riding forward. â€Å"I beg you allow me to accompany you to the Eyrie, to see the end of the tale as I saw its beginnings.† The boy sounded haggard, yet strangely determined; he had a fevered shine to his eyes. Catelyn had never asked the singer to ride with them; that choice he had made himself, and how he had come to survive the journey when so many braver men lay dead and unburied behind them, she could never say. Yet here he was, with a scruff of beard that made him look almost a man. Perhaps she owed him something for having come this far. â€Å"Very well,† she told him. â€Å"I'll come as well,† Bronn announced. She liked that less well. Without Bronn she would never have reached the Vale, she knew; the sellsword was as fierce a fighter as she had ever seen, and his sword had helped cut them through to safety. Yet for all that, Catelyn misliked the man. Courage he had, and strength, but there was no kindness in him, and little loyalty. And she had seen him riding beside Lannister far too often, talking in low voices and laughing at some private joke. She would have preferred to separate him from the dwarf here and now, but having agreed that Marillion might continue to the Eyrie, she could see no gracious way to deny that same right to Bronn. â€Å"As you wish,† she said, although she noted that he had not actually asked her permission. Ser Willis Wode remained with Ser Rodrik, a soft-spoken septon fussing over their wounds. Their horses were left behind as well, poor ragged things. Ser Donnel promised to send birds ahead to the Eyrie and the Gates of the Moon with the word of their coming. Fresh mounts were brought forth from the stables, surefooted mountain stock with shaggy coats, and within the hour they set forth once again. Catelyn rode beside her uncle as they began the descent to the valley floor. Behind came Bronn, Tyrion Lannister, Marillion, and six of Brynden's men. Not until they were a third of the way down the mountain path, well out of earshot of the others, did Brynden Tully turn to her and say, â€Å"So, child. Tell me about this storm of yours.† â€Å"I have not been a child in many years, Uncle,† Catelyn said, but she told him nonetheless. It took longer than she would have believed to tell it all, Lysa's letter and Bran's fall, the assassin's dagger and Littlefinger and her chance meeting with Tyrion Lannister in the crossroads inn. Her uncle listened silently, heavy brows shadowing his eyes as his frown grew deeper. Brynden Tully had always known how to listen . . . to anyone but her father. He was Lord Hoster's brother, younger by five years, but the two of them had been at war as far back as Catelyn could remember. During one of their louder quarrels, when Catelyn was eight, Lord Hoster had called Brynden â€Å"the black goat of the Tully flock.† Laughing, Brynden had pointed out that the sigil of their house was a leaping trout, so he ought to be a black fish rather than a black goat, and from that day forward he had taken it as his personal emblem. The war had not ended until the day she and Lysa had been wed. It was at their wedding feast that Brynden told his brother he was leaving Riverrun to serve Lysa and her new husband, the Lord of the Eyrie. Lord Hoster had not spoken his brother's name since, from what Edmure told her in his infrequent letters. Nonetheless, during all those years of Catelyn's girlhood, it had been Brynden the Blackfish to whom Lord Hoster's children had run with their tears and their tales, when Father was too busy and Mother too ill. Catelyn, Lysa, Edmure . . . and yes, even Petyr Baelish, their father's ward . . . he had listened to them all patiently, as he listened now, laughing at their triumphs and sympathizing with their childish misfortunes. When she was done, her uncle remained silent for a long time, as his horse negotiated the steep, rocky trail. â€Å"Your father must be told,† he said at last. â€Å"If the Lannisters should march, Winterfell is remote and the Vale walled up behind its mountains, but Riverrun lies right in their path.† â€Å"I'd had the same fear,† Catelyn admitted. â€Å"I shall ask Maester Colemon to send a bird when we reach the Eyrie.† She had other messages to send as well; the commands that Ned had given her for his bannermen, to ready the defenses of the north. â€Å"What is the mood in the Vale?† she asked. â€Å"Angry,† Brynden Tully admitted. â€Å"Lord Jon was much loved, and the insult was keenly felt when the king named Jaime Lannister to an office the Arryns had held for near three hundred years. Lysa has commanded us to call her son the True Warden of the East, but no one is fooled. Nor is your sister alone in wondering at the manner of the Hand's death. None dare say Jon was murdered, not openly, but suspicion casts a long shadow.† He gave Catelyn a look, his mouth tight. â€Å"And there is the boy.† â€Å"The boy? What of him?† She ducked her head as they passed under a low overhang of rock, and around a sharp turn. Her uncle's voice was troubled. â€Å"Lord Robert,† he sighed. â€Å"Six years old, sickly, and prone to weep if you take his dolls away. Jon Arryn's trueborn heir, by all the gods, yet there are some who say he is too weak to sit his father's seat, Nestor Royce has been high steward these past fourteen years, while Lord Jon served in King's Landing, and many whisper that he should rule until the boy comes of age. Others believe that Lysa must marry again, and soon. Already the suitors gather like crows on a battlefield. The Eyrie is full of them.† â€Å"I might have expected that,† Catelyn said. Small wonder there; Lysa was still young, and the kingdom of Mountain and Vale made a handsome wedding gift. â€Å"Will Lysa take another husband?† â€Å"She says yes, provided she finds a man who suits her,† Brynden Tully said, â€Å"but she has already rejected Lord Nestor and a dozen other suitable men. She swears that this time she will choose her lord husband.† â€Å"You of all people can scarce fault her for that.† Ser Brynden snorted. â€Å"Nor do I, but . . . it seems to me Lysa is only playing at courtship. She enjoys the sport, but I believe your sister intends to rule herself until her boy is old enough to be Lord of the Eyrie in truth as well as name.† â€Å"A woman can rule as wisely as a man,† Catelyn said. â€Å"The right woman can,† her uncle said with a sideways glance. â€Å"Make no mistake, Cat. Lysa is not you.† He hesitated a moment. â€Å"If truth be told, I fear you may not find your sister as helpful as you would like.† She was puzzled. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"The Lysa who came back from King's Landing is not the same girl who went south when her husband was named Hand. Those years were hard for her. You must know. Lord Arryn was a dutiful husband, but their marriage was made from politics, not passion.† â€Å"As was my own.† â€Å"They began the same, but your ending has been happier than your sister's. Two babes stillborn, twice as many miscarriages, Lord Arryn's death . . . Catelyn, the gods gave Lysa only the one child, and he is all your sister lives for now, poor boy. Small wonder she fled rather than see him handed over to the Lannisters. Your sister is afraid, child, and the Lannisters are what she fears most. She ran to the Vale, stealing away from the Red Keep like a thief in the night, and all to snatch her son out of the lion's mouth . . . and now you have brought the lion to her door.† â€Å"In chains,† Catelyn said. A crevasse yawned on her right, falling away into darkness. She reined up her horse and picked her way along step by careful step. â€Å"Oh?† Her uncle glanced back, to where Tyrion Lannister was making his slow descent behind them. â€Å"I see an axe on his saddle, a dirk at his belt, and a sellsword that trails after him like a hungry shadow. Where are the chains, sweet one?† Catelyn shifted uneasily in her seat. â€Å"The dwarf is here, and not by choice. Chains or no, he is my prisoner. Lysa will want him to answer for his crimes no less than I. It was her own lord husband the Lannisters murdered, and her own letter that first warned us against them.† Brynden Blackfish gave her a weary smile. â€Å"I hope you are right, child,† he sighed, in tones that said she was wrong. The sun was well to the west by the time the slope began to flatten beneath the hooves of their horses. The road widened and grew straight, and for the first time Catelyn noticed wildflowers and grasses growing. Once they reached the valley floor, the going was faster and they made good time, cantering through verdant greenwoods and sleepy little hamlets, past orchards and golden wheat fields, splashing across a dozen sunlit streams. Her uncle sent a standard-bearer ahead of them, a double banner flying from his staff; the moon-and-falcon of House Arryn on high, and below it his own black fish. Farm wagons and merchants' carts and riders from lesser houses moved aside to let them pass. Even so, it was full dark before they reached the stout castle that stood at the foot of the Giant's Lance. Torches flickered atop its ramparts, and the horned moon danced upon the dark waters of its moat. The drawbridge was up and the portcullis down, but Catelyn saw lights burning in the gatehouse and spilling from the windows of the square towers beyond. â€Å"The Gates of the Moon,† her uncle said as the party drew rein. His standard-bearer rode to the edge of the moat to hail the men in the gatehouse. â€Å"Lord Nestor's seat. He should be expecting us. Look up.† Catelyn raised her eyes, up and up and up. At first all she saw was stone and trees, the looming mass of the great mountain shrouded in night, as black as a starless sky. Then she noticed the glow of distant fires well above them; a tower keep, built upon the steep side of the mountain, its lights like orange eyes staring down from above. Above that was another, higher and more distant, and still higher a third, no more than a flickering spark in the sky. And finally, up where the falcons soared, a flash of white in the moonlight. Vertigo washed over her as she stared upward at the pale towers, so far above. â€Å"The Eyrie,† she heard Marillion murmur, awed. The sharp voice of Tyrion Lannister broke in. â€Å"The Arryns must not be overfond of company. If you're planning to make us climb that mountain in the dark, I'd rather you kill me here.† â€Å"We'll spend the night here and make the ascent on the morrow,† Brynden told him. â€Å"I can scarcely wait,† the dwarf replied. â€Å"How do we get up there? I've no experience at riding goats.† â€Å"Mules,† Brynden said, smiling. â€Å"There are steps carved into the mountain,† Catelyn said. Ned had told her about them when he talked of his youth here with Robert Baratheon and Jon Arryn. Her uncle nodded. â€Å"It is too dark to see them, but the steps are there. Too steep and narrow for horses, but mules can manage them most of the way. The path is guarded by three waycastles, Stone and Snow and Sky. The mules will take us as far up as Sky.† Tyrion Lannister glanced up doubtfully. â€Å"And beyond that?† Brynden smiled. â€Å"Beyond that, the path is too steep even for mules. We ascend on foot the rest of the way. Or perchance you'd prefer to ride a basket. The Eyrie clings to the mountain directly above Sky, and in its cellars are six great winches with long iron chains to draw supplies up from below. If you prefer, my lord of Lannister, I can arrange for you to ride up with the bread and beer and apples.† The dwarf gave a bark of laughter. â€Å"Would that I were a pumpkin,† he said. â€Å"Alas, my lord father would no doubt be most chagrined if his son of Lannister went to his fate like a load of turnips. If you ascend on foot, I fear I must do the same. We Lannisters do have a certain pride.† â€Å"Pride?† Catelyn snapped. His mocking tone and easy manner made her angry. â€Å"Arrogance, some might call it. Arrogance and avarice and lust for power.† â€Å"My brother is undoubtedly arrogant,† Tyrion Lannister replied. â€Å"My father is the soul of avarice, and my sweet sister Cersei lusts for power with every waking breath. I, however, am innocent as a little lamb. Shall I bleat for you?† He grinned. The drawbridge came creaking down before she could reply, and they heard the sound of oiled chains as the portcullis was drawn up. Men-at-arms carried burning brands out to light their way, and her uncle led them across the moat. Lord Nestor Royce, High Steward of the Vale and Keeper of the Gates of the Moon, was waiting in the yard to greet them, surrounded by his knights. â€Å"Lady Stark,† he said, bowing. He was a massive, barrel-chested man, and his bow was clumsy. Catelyn dismounted to stand before him. â€Å"Lord Nestor,† she said. She knew the man only by reputation; Bronze Yohn's cousin, from a lesser branch of House Royce, yet still a formidable lord in his own right. â€Å"We have had a long and tiring journey. I would beg the hospitality of your roof tonight, if I might.† â€Å"My roof is yours, my lady,† Lord Nestor returned gruffly, â€Å"but your sister the Lady Lysa has sent down word from the Eyrie. She wishes to see you at once. The rest of your party will be housed here and sent up at first light.† Her uncle swung off his horse. â€Å"What madness is this?† he said bluntly. Brynden Tully had never been a man to blunt the edge of his words. â€Å"A night ascent, with the moon not even full? Even Lysa should know that's an invitation to a broken neck.† â€Å"The mules know the way, Ser Brynden.† A wiry girl of seventeen or eighteen years stepped up beside Lord Nestor. Her dark hair was cropped short and straight around her head, and she wore riding leathers and a light shirt of silvered ringmail. She bowed to Catelyn, more gracefully than her lord. â€Å"I promise you, my lady, no harm will come to you. It would be my honor to take you up. I've made the dark climb a hundred times. Mychel says my father must have been a goat.† She sounded so cocky that Catelyn had to smile. â€Å"Do you have a name, child?† â€Å"Mya Stone, if it please you, my lady,† the girl said. It did not please her; it was an effort for Catelyn to keep the smile on her face. Stone was a bastard's name in the Vale, as Snow was in the north, and Flowers in Highgarden; in each of the Seven Kingdoms, custom had fashioned a surname for children born with no names of their own. Catelyn had nothing against this girl, but suddenly she could not help but think of Ned's bastard on the Wall, and the thought made her angry and guilty, both at once. She struggled to find words for a reply. Lord Nestor filled the silence. â€Å"Mya's a clever girl, and if she vows she will bring you safely to the Lady Lysa, I believe her. She has not failed me yet.† â€Å"Then I put myself in your hands, Mya Stone,† Catelyn said. â€Å"Lord Nestor, I charge you to keep a close guard on my prisoner.† â€Å"And I charge you to bring the prisoner a cup of wine and a nicely crisped capon, before he dies of hunger,† Lannister said. â€Å"A girl would be pleasant as well, but I suppose that's too much to ask of you.† The sellsword Bronn laughed aloud. Lord Nestor ignored the banter. â€Å"As you say, my lady, so it will be done.† Only then did he look at the dwarf. â€Å"See our lord of Lannister to a tower cell, and bring him meat and mead.† Catelyn took her leave of her uncle and the others as Tyrion Lannister was led off, then followed the bastard girl through the castle. Two mules were waiting in the upper bailey, saddled and ready. Mya helped her mount one while a guardsman in a sky-blue cloak opened the narrow postern gate. Beyond was dense forest of pine and spruce, and the mountain like a black wall, but the steps were there, chiseled deep into the rock, ascending into the sky. â€Å"Some people find it easier if they close their eyes,† Mya said as she led the mules through the gate into the dark wood. â€Å"When they get frightened or dizzy, sometimes they hold on to the mule too tight. They don't like that.† â€Å"I was born a Tully and wed to a Stark,† Catelyn said. â€Å"I do not frighten easily. Do you plan to light a torch?† The steps were black as pitch. The girl made a face. â€Å"Torches just blind you. On a clear night like this, the moon and the stars are enough. Mychel says I have the eyes of the owl.† She mounted and urged her mule up the first step. Catelyn's animal followed of its own accord. â€Å"You mentioned Mychel before,† Catelyn said. The mules set the pace, slow but steady. She was perfectly content with that. â€Å"Mychel's my love,† Mya explained. â€Å"Mychel Redfort. He's squire to Ser Lyn Corbray. We're to wed as soon as he becomes a knight, next year or the year after.† She sounded so like Sansa, so happy and innocent with her dreams. Catelyn smiled, but the smile was tinged with sadness. The Redforts were an old name in the Vale, she knew, with the blood of the First Men in their veins. His love she might be, but no Redfort would ever wed a bastard. His family would arrange a more suitable match for him, to a Corbray or a Waynwood or a Royce, or perhaps a daughter of some greater house outside the Vale. If Mychel Redfort laid with this girl at all, it would be on the wrong side of the sheet. The ascent was easier than Catelyn had dared hope. The trees pressed close, leaning over the path to make a rustling green roof that shut out even the moon, so it seemed as though they were moving up a long black tunnel. But the mules were surefooted and tireless, and Mya Stone did indeed seem blessed with night-eyes. They plodded upward, winding their way back and forth across the face of the mountain as the steps twisted and turned. A thick layer of fallen needles carpeted the path, so the shoes of their mules made only the softest sound on the rock. The quiet soothed her, and the gentle rocking motion set Catelyn to swaying in her saddle. Before long she was fighting sleep. Perhaps she did doze for a moment, for suddenly a massive ironbound gate was looming before them. â€Å"Stone,† Mya announced cheerily, dismounting. Iron spikes were set along the tops of formidable stone walls, and two fat round towers overtopped the keep. The gate swung open at Mya's shout. Inside, the portly knight who commanded the waycastle greeted Mya by name and offered them skewers of charred meat and onions still hot from the spit. Catelyn had not realized how hungry she was. She ate standing in the yard, as stablehands moved their saddles to fresh mules. The hot juices ran down her chin and dripped onto her cloak, but she was too famished to care. Then it was up onto a new mule and out again into the starlight. The second part of the ascent seemed more treacherous to Catelyn. The trail was steeper, the steps more worn, and here and there littered with pebbles and broken stone. Mya had to dismount a half-dozen times to move fallen rocks from their path. â€Å"You don't want your mule to break a leg up here,† she said. Catelyn was forced to agree. She could feel the altitude more now. The trees were sparser up here, and the wind blew more vigorously, sharp gusts that tugged at her clothing and pushed her hair into her eyes. From time to time the steps doubled back on themselves, and she could see Stone below them, and the Gates of the Moon farther down, its torches no brighter than candles. Snow was smaller than Stone, a single fortified tower and a timber keep and stable hidden behind a low wall of unmortared rock. Yet it nestled against the Giant's Lance in such a way as to command the entire stone stair above the lower waycastle. An enemy intent on the Eyrie would have to fight his way from Stone step by step, while rocks and arrows rained down from Snow above. The commander, an anxious young knight with a pockmarked face, offered bread and cheese and the chance to warm themselves before his fire, but Mya declined. â€Å"We ought to keep going, my lady,† she said. â€Å"If it please you.† Catelyn nodded. Again they were given fresh mules. Hers was white. Mya smiled when she saw him. â€Å"Whitey's a good one, my lady. Sure of foot, even on ice, but you need to be careful. He'll kick if he doesn't like you.† The white mule seemed to like Catelyn; there was no kicking, thank the gods. There was no ice either, and she was grateful for that as well. â€Å"My mother says that hundreds of years ago, this was where the snow began,† Mya told her. â€Å"It was always white above here, and the ice never melted.† She shrugged. â€Å"I can't remember ever seeing snow this far down the mountain, but maybe it was that way once, in the olden times.† So young, Catelyn thought, trying to remember if she had ever been like that. The girl had lived half her life in summer, and that was all she knew. Winter is coming, child, she wanted to tell her. The words were on her lips; she almost said them. Perhaps she was becoming a Stark at last. Above Snow, the wind was a living thing, howling around them like a wolf in the waste, then falling off to nothing as if to lure them into complacency. The stars seemed brighter up here, so close that she could almost touch them, and the horned moon was huge in the clear black sky. As they climbed, Catelyn found it was better to look up than down. The steps were cracked and broken from centuries of freeze and thaw and the tread of countless mules, and even in the dark the heights put her heart in her throat. When they came to a high saddle between two spires of rock, Mya dismounted. â€Å"It's best to lead the mules over,† she said. â€Å"The wind can be a little scary here, my lady.† Catelyn climbed stiffly from the shadows and looked at the path ahead; twenty feet long and close to three feet wide, but with a precipitous drop to either side. She could hear the wind shrieking. Mya stepped lightly out, her mule following as calmly as if they were crossing a bailey. It was her turn. Yet no sooner had she taken her first step than fear caught Catelyn in its jaws. She could feel the emptiness, the vast black gulfs of air that yawned around her. She stopped, trembling, afraid to move. The wind screamed at her and wrenched at her cloak, trying to pull her over the edge. Catelyn edged her foot backward, the most timid of steps, but the mule was behind her, and she could not retreat. I am going to die here, she thought. She could feel cold sweat trickling down her back. â€Å"Lady Stark,† Mya called across the gulf. The girl sounded a thousand leagues away. â€Å"Are you well?† Catelyn Tully Stark swallowed what remained of her pride. â€Å"I . . . I cannot do this, child,† she called out. â€Å"Yes you can,† the bastard girl said. â€Å"I know you can. Look how wide the path is.† â€Å"I don't want to look.† The world seemed to be spinning around her, mountain and sky and mules, whirling like a child's top. Catelyn closed her eyes to steady her ragged breathing. â€Å"I'll come back for you,† Mya said. â€Å"Don't move, my lady.† Moving was about the last thing Catelyn was about to do. She listened to the skirling of the wind and the scuffling sound of leather on stone. Then Mya was there, taking her gently by the arm. â€Å"Keep your eyes closed if you like. Let go of the rope now, Whitey will take care of himself. Very good, my lady. I'll lead you over, it's easy, you'll see. Give me a step now. That's it, move your foot, just slide it forward. See. Now another. Easy. You could run across. Another one, go on. Yes.† And so, foot by foot, step by step, the bastard girl led Catelyn across, blind and trembling, while the white mule followed placidly behind them. The waycastle called Sky was no more than a high, crescent-shaped wall of unmortared stone raised against the side of the mountain, but even the topless towers of Valyria could not have looked more beautiful to Catelyn Stark. Here at last the snow crown began; Sky's weathered stones were rimed with frost, and long spears of ice hung from the slopes above. Dawn was breaking in the east as Mya Stone hallooed for the guards, and the gates opened before them. Inside the walls there was only a series of ramps and a great tumble of boulders and stones of all sizes. No doubt it would be the easiest thing in the world to begin an avalanche from here. A mouth yawned in the rock face in front of them. â€Å"The stables and barracks are in there,† Mya said. â€Å"The last part is inside the mountain. It can be a little dark, but at least you're out of the wind. This is as far as the mules can go. Past here, well, it's a sort of chimney, more like a stone ladder than proper steps, but it's not too bad. Another hour and we'll be there.† Catelyn looked up. Directly overhead, pale in the dawn light, she could see the foundations of the Eyrie. It could not be more than six hundred feet above them. From below it looked like a small white honeycomb. She remembered what her uncle had said of baskets and winches. â€Å"The Lannisters may have their pride,† she told Mya, â€Å"but the Tullys are born with better sense. I have ridden all day and the best part of a night. Tell them to lower a basket. I shall ride with the turnips.† The sun was well above the mountains by the time Catelyn Stark finally reached the Eyrie. A stocky, silver-haired man in a sky-blue cloak and hammered moon-and-falcon breastplate helped her from the basket; Ser Vardis Egen, captain of Jon Arryn's household guard. Beside him stood Maester Colemon, thin and nervous, with too little hair and too much neck. â€Å"Lady Stark,† Ser Vardis said, â€Å"the pleasure is as great as it is unanticipated.† Maester Colemon bobbed his head in agreement. â€Å"Indeed it is, my lady, indeed it is. I have sent word to your sister. She left orders to be awakened the instant you arrived.† â€Å"I hope she had a good night's rest,† Catelyn said with a certain bite in her tone that seemed to go unnoticed. The men escorted her from the winch room up a spiral stair. The Eyrie was a small castle by the standards of the great houses; seven slender white towers bunched as tightly as arrows in a quiver on a shoulder of the great mountain. It had no need of stables nor smithys nor kennels, but Ned said its granary was as large as Winterfell's, and its towers could house five hundred men. Yet it seemed strangely deserted to Catelyn as she passed through it, its pale stone halls echoing and empty. Lysa was waiting alone in her solar, still clad in her bed robes. Her long auburn hair tumbled unbound across bare white shoulders and down her back. A maid stood behind her, brushing out the night's tangles, but when Catelyn entered, her sister rose to her feet, smiling. â€Å"Cat,† she said. â€Å"Oh, Cat, how good it is to see you. My sweet sister.† She ran across the chamber and wrapped her sister in her arms. â€Å"How long it has been,† Lysa murmured against her. â€Å"Oh, how very very long.† It had been five years, in truth; five cruel years, for Lysa. They had taken their toll. Her sister was two years the younger, yet she looked older now. Shorter than Catelyn, Lysa had grown thick of body, pale and puffy of face. She had the blue eyes of the Tullys, but hers were pale and watery, never still. Her small mouth had turned petulant. As Catelyn held her, she remembered the slender, high-breasted girl who'd waited beside her that day in the sept at Riverrun. How lovely and full of hope she had been. All that remained of her sister's beauty was the great fall of thick auburn hair that cascaded to her waist. â€Å"You look well,† Catelyn lied, â€Å"but . . . tired.† Her sister broke the embrace. â€Å"Tired. Yes. Oh, yes.† She seemed to notice the others then; her maid, Maester Colemon, Ser Vardis. â€Å"Leave us,† she told them. â€Å"I wish to speak to my sister alone.† She held Catelyn's hand as they withdrew . . . . . . and dropped it the instant the door closed. Catelyn saw her face change. It was as if the sun had gone behind a cloud. â€Å"Have you taken leave of your senses?† Lysa snapped at her. â€Å"To bring him here, without a word of permission, without so much as a warning, to drag us into your quarrels with the Lannisters . . . â€Å" â€Å"My quarrels?† Catelyn could scarce believe what she was hearing. A great fire burned in the hearth, but there was no trace of warmth in Lysa's voice. â€Å"They were your quarrels first, sister. It was you who sent me that cursed letter, you who wrote that the Lannisters had murdered your husband.† â€Å"To warn you, so you could stay away from them! I never meant to fight them! Gods, Cat, do you know what you've done?† â€Å"Mother?† a small voice said. Lysa whirled, her heavy robe swirling around her. Robert Arryn, Lord of the Eyrie, stood in the doorway, clutching a ragged cloth doll and looking at them with large eyes. He was a painfully thin child, small for his age and sickly all his days, and from time to time he trembled. The shaking sickness, the maesters called it. â€Å"I heard voices.† Small wonder, Catelyn thought; Lysa had almost been shouting. Still, her sister looked daggers at her. â€Å"This is your aunt Catelyn, baby. My sister, Lady Stark. Do you remember?† The boy glanced at her blankly. â€Å"I think so,† he said, blinking, though he had been less than a year old the last time Catelyn had seen him. Lysa seated herself near the fire and said, â€Å"Come to Mother, my sweet one.† She straightened his bedclothes and fussed with his fine brown hair. â€Å"Isn't he beautiful? And strong too, don't you believe the things you hear. Jon knew. The seed is strong, he told me. His last words. He kept saying Robert's name, and he grabbed my arm so hard he left marks. Tell them, the seed is strong. His seed. He wanted everyone to know what a good strong boy my baby was going to be.† â€Å"Lysa,† Catelyn said, â€Å"if you're right about the Lannisters, all the more reason we must act quickly. We—† â€Å"Not in front of the baby,† Lysa said. â€Å"He has a delicate temper, don't you, sweet one?† â€Å"The boy is Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale,† Catelyn reminded her, â€Å"and these are no times for delicacy. Ned thinks it may come to war.† â€Å"Quiet!† Lysa snapped at her. â€Å"You're scaring the boy.† Little Robert took a quick peek over his shoulder at Catelyn and began to tremble. His doll fell to the rushes, and he pressed himself against his mother. â€Å"Don't be afraid, my sweet baby,† Lysa whispered. â€Å"Mother's here, nothing will hurt you.† She opened her robe and drew out a pale, heavy breast, tipped with red. The boy grabbed for it eagerly, buried his face against her chest, and began to suck. Lysa stroked his hair. Catelyn was at a loss for words. Jon Arryn's son, she thought incredulously. She remembered her own baby, three-year-old Rickon, half the age of this boy and five times as fierce. Small wonder the lords of the Vale were restive. For the first time she understood why the king had tried to take the child away from his mother to foster with the Lannisters . . . â€Å"We're safe here,† Lysa was saying. Whether to her or to the boy, Catelyn was not sure. â€Å"Don't be a fool,† Catelyn said, the anger rising in her. â€Å"No one is safe. If you think hiding here will make the Lannisters forget you, you are sadly mistaken.† Lysa covered her boy's ear with her hand. â€Å"Even if they could bring an army through the mountains and past the Bloody Gate, the Eyrie is impregnable. You saw for yourself. No enemy could ever reach us up here.† Catelyn wanted to slap her. Uncle Brynden had tried to warn her, she realized. â€Å"No castle is impregnable.† â€Å"This one is,† Lysa insisted. â€Å"Everyone says so. The only thing is, what am I to do with this Imp you have brought me?† â€Å"Is he a bad man?† the Lord of the Eyrie asked, his mother's breast popping from his mouth, the nipple wet and red. â€Å"A very bad man,† Lysa told him as she covered herself, â€Å"but Mother won't let him harm my little baby.† â€Å"Make him fly,† Robert said eagerly. Lysa stroked her son's hair. â€Å"Perhaps we will,† she murmured. â€Å"Perhaps that is just what we will do.†